Aerosol typing over Europe and its benefits for the CALIPSO and EarthCARE missions: Statistical analysis based on multiwavelength aerosol lidar measurements from ground-based EARLINET stations and comparison to spaceborne CALIPSO data

Aerosols show type-specific characteristics, which depend on intensive aerosol optical and microphysical properties that influence the radiation processes in the atmosphere in several ways. There are still large uncertainties in the calculation of the aerosol direct radiative effect. The classification of aerosols and the characterization of the vertical aerosol distribution is needed in order to provide more accurate information for radiative-transfer simulations. In the framework of the present thesis, the vertical and spatial distribution as well as optical properties of atmospheric aerosols over the European continent were investigated based on lidar measurements. Possibilities for an aerosol classification or so-called aerosol typing were presented and major aerosol types were specified. Former studies about the classification of aerosols were summarized and representative values for aerosol-type-dependent parameters were given. Case studies were used to demonstrate how observations of the European lidar network EARLINET from 2008 until 2010 were analyzed for aerosol layers and how model simulations and auxiliary data including the assessment of meteorological conditions were applied to determine the origin of each single aerosol layer. Thus, aerosol-type dependent parameters were evaluated and a novel method for the typing of aerosols was developed, which can be used, e.g., within algorithms of satellite data retrievals. Additionally, conversion factors were determined, which are needed for the harmonization of satellite data of present and upcoming missions. Furthermore, findings of the aerosol typing based on EARLINET data were compared to results of the aerosol classification scheme for satellite-borne lidar measurements onboard CALIPSO. It could be shown that deficient classifications of the aerosol type emerged systematically within the automated CALIPSO algorithm. Those wrong classification leads to an underestimation of the single-scattering albedo and hence to an overestimation of the warming effect of the respective aerosol layer. This overestimated warming effect has to be kept in mind for simulations of the global aerosol radiative effect based on CALIPSO data.Die Bestimmung des direkten Strahlungsantriebs von Aerosolen ist mit großen Unsicherheiten behaftet. Inwiefern Aerosole die Strahlungsprozesse in der Atmosphäre beeinflussen ist abhängig von ihren optischen und mikrophysikalischen Eigenschaften. Zur Optimierung von Strahlungstransfersimulationen werden daher ergänzende Informationen über typspezifische Aerosoleigenschaften sowie die vertikale Aerosolverteilung benötigt. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden anhand von Lidarmessungen die vertikale und räumliche Verteilung atmosphärischer Aerosole über Europa analysiert sowie deren optische Eigenschaften ermittelt. Einleitend werden Möglichkeiten der Aerosolklassifizierung erläutert und Aerosoltypen spezifiziert, die über Europa beobachtet werden können. Vorherige Studien zur Aerosolklassifizierung sind in einer Literaturübersicht zusammengefasst. Anhand von Fallstudien wurde zunächst die Analyse von Beobachtungen des europäischen Lidarnetzwerkes EARLINET von 2008 bis 2010 auf das Vorhandensein von Aerosolschichten verdeutlicht. Die Herkunft jeder einzelnen Aerosolschicht wurde anschließend unter Verwendung von Modellrechnungen sowie weiteren Informationen bestimmt und aerosoltypspezifische Kenngrößen berechnet. Mit Hilfe dieser Kenngrößen ist es möglich, den Typ des Aerosols abzuleiten. Daraus wurde eine neuartige Methode zur Typisierung von Aerosolen entwickelt, die z.B. in Algorithmen zur Verarbeitung von Satellitendaten verwendet werden kann. Zusätzlich wurden Umrechnungsfaktoren bestimmt, die zur Zusammenführung und zum Vergleich von Daten aktueller und zukünftiger Satellitenmissionen benötigt werden. Die Ergebnisse der Aerosoltypisierung auf Basis von EARLINET-Daten wurden anschließend mit Ergebnissen der automatischen Typisierung weltraumbasierter Lidarmessungen des CALIPSO-Satelliten verglichen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass innerhalb des CALIPSO-Algorithmus systematisch fehlerhafte Klassifizierungen des Aerosoltyps auftreten. Diese falsche Klassifizierung führt zu einer Unterschätzung der Einfachstreualbedo und zu einer Überschätzung der erwärmenden Wirkung der betreffenden Aerosolschicht. Die überschätzte Wärmewirkung hat wiederum fehlerhafte Ergebnisse bei Strahlungstransferrechnungen, die auf CALIPSO-Daten basieren, zur Folge

Stokes and anti-Stokes photoluminescence towards five different In-x(Al0.17Ga0.83)(1-x)As/Al0.17Ga0.83As quantum wells

Stokes and anti-Stokes photoluminescence (AS-PL) has been investigated in a step-graded Inx(Al0.17Ga0.83)1–xAs/Al0.17Ga0.83As quantum-well (QW) heterostructure consisting of five QWs with different x values. Stokes PL spectra of this sample show a significant difference in PL intensity between the wells under indirect excitation conditions due to the existence of competitive resonant and nonresonant capture processes, while they exhibit a rather uniform PL intensity distribution under direct excitation. When the excitation wavelength is tuned to 810 nm for AS-PL detection, it is transparent to the five QWs and thus the photoabsorption can only occur in the GaAs (rear buffer and front cap) layers. It is found that the AS-PL spectra show a similar intensity distribution to the one observed under the indirect excitation. This result means that the AS-PL intensity distribution of the QWs is basically determined by the competitive capture of photoexcited carriers through the thick barriers, generated far from the five wells due to the nonlinear excitation processes in GaAs. ©2005 American Institute of Physic

Coherent spin dynamics of an interwell excitonic gas in GaAs/AlGaAs coupled quantum wells

The spin dynamics of an interwell excitons gas has been investigated in n-i-n GaAs/AlGaAs coupled quantum wells (CQWs). In these heterostructures the electron and the hole are spatially separated in neighboring quantum wells by a narrow AlAs barrier, when an electric field is applied. The time evolution kinetics of the interwell exciton photoluminescence has been measured under resonant excitation of the 1sHH intrawell exciton, using a pulsed tunable laser. The formation of a collective exciton phase in time and the temperature dependence of its spin relaxation rate have been studied. The spin relaxation rate of the interwell excitons is strongly reduced in the collective phase. This observation provides evidence for the coherence of the indirect excitons collective phase at temperatures below a critical $T_c$.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figure

Size-Dependence of the Wavefunction of Self-Assembled Quantum Dots

The radiative and non-radiative decay rates of InAs quantum dots are measured by controlling the local density of optical states near an interface. From time-resolved measurements we extract the oscillator strength and the quantum efficiency and their dependence on emission energy. From our results and a theoretical model we determine the striking dependence of the overlap of the electron and hole wavefunctions on the quantum dot size. We conclude that the optical quality is best for large quantum dots, which is important in order to optimally tailor quantum dot emitters for, e.g., quantum electrodynamics experiments.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure